The original statement of the theory can be found in Sykes and Matza It is here that Sykes and Matza discuss why juveniles experience guilt and negative self concepts from engaging in delinquency, why they need to neutralize this guilt, and the five neutralization techniques that allow them to do so.
Matza further develops neutralization theory by incorporating it into the concept of drift, which is the idea that adolescents become delinquent because the weakening of controls allows them to drift between delinquent and conventional behaviors. Since this original writing, two articles have summarized the state of the theory. Maruna and Copes provides the most comprehensive summary of the theory to date. This review places the theory in the context of other theories in sociology as well as psychology, reviews empirical evaluations of the theory, and details what is still known and unknown about the theory.
Fritsche articulates clearly many of the misunderstandings and empirical finding of the theory. Fritsche, Immo. Predicting deviant behavior by neutralization: Myths and findings. Deviant Behavior — DOI: NNNA thorough review of the theory. This review focuses on misunderstandings regarding the theory and the empirical support for it.
Maruna, Shadd, and Heith Copes. What have we learned from five decades of neutralization research? The excitement may even be a result of the fact that the behavior is not accepted.
Secondly, they do not view normal occupations as worth the work when they can make more money doing illegal acts. Some researchers also noted that the behavior may not have solely monetary purposes, but also to gain rank and prestige among other criminals.
Lastly, the deviant becomes aggressive because of their alienation from society Matza and Sykes, The purpose of this aggression is to show how tough they are and that they have achieved manhood. It obviously matters who is partaking in the behavior, not the behavior itself. Matza and Sykes concluded; however, that their study on the effect of subterranean values and leisure time did not explain several aspects of juvenile delinquency.
First, they cannot explain why certain juveniles convert subterranean values into serious criminal behavior and others do not. Secondly, they admit that their needs to further, in-depth studies done on the effects of the juveniles value systems as a result of leisure time.
Alone, Matza expressed additional thoughts on juvenile delinquency. He believed that individuals go from one extreme to another in their behavior, known as drift.
Matza believes that juveniles drift between conventional and criminal behavior. Once the crime is committed the delinquent feels guilt and must balance their behavior by returning to act in a law-abiding manner.
Drift can be described as soft determinism, which views criminality as partly chosen and partly determined. The will to commit a crime occurs when one of these conditions is present; preparation and desperation. These allow the individual to form the decision to commit a crime. Preparation occurs when a criminal act is repeated once the person realizes that the criminal act can be achieved and is feasible.
Desperation activates the will to initially commit a crime because of an extraordinary occasion; or fatalism, which is the feeling of lacking control over ones surroundings Matza, He also suggests that there are several ways in which a delinquent senses injustice an underlying condition of drift ; through cognizance, consistency, competence, commensurability and comparison. Consistency represents whether or not the juvenile feels that they are receiving the same treatment as everyone else who has been involved in the same criminal behavior.
Competence is an issue revolving around those who are in judgment of the juvenile. In other words, does the juvenile believe that their act should even result in a punishment and if so the punishment should fit the crime. Comparison results when juveniles evaluate the legal system and notice that there are laws, which only pertain to them and not adults.
Some juveniles do not want to accept that they are any different from adults. The decades preceding Matza and his neutralization and drift theory involved mass social and political movements and located at the University of California he could view these actions first-hand. During the 's and 's the citizens of the United States were torn because of social and political struggles, which influenced his work.
Matza believes that delinquents are angered over a sense of injustice, which they feel not only from law enforcement but also from community reactions. His ideas on delinquency were strongly influenced during the 's, which saw the beginning of the civil rights movement with the influence of Dr.
Martin Luther King, Jr. In the Brown vs. The desegregation produced a lot of tension, which caused some citizens to react with protests and even violence. With these decades also came scientific advance such as the nuclear arms race following the beginning of the Cold War.
The United States was also involved in the race to get a man on the moon finally ending Neil Armstrong in the Apollo 11 on July 30, The 's and 60's also were filled with conflicts with other nations, revolving around anti-communism.
The 's saw the aftermath of the Korean War, which ended in By the mid 's the Vietnam War caused many citizens to protest and dodge the draft because of their objection of the war. The assassination of President Kennedy in also deeply affected the citizens of America. Overview Latest Topics Watch now. From the Reference Library. Online course. You can read FutureLearn's Cookie policy here. Category: FutureLearn Local. Category: FutureLearn Local , Learning.
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Build your knowledge with top universities and organisations. Learn more about how FutureLearn is transforming access to education. Learn more about this course. Techniques of neutralisation and the market for antiquities In this step we discuss the stories that criminals tell themselves to justify their actions.
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