As governor and viceroy of the Indies, Columbus imposed iron discipline on what is now the Caribbean country of Dominican Republic , according to documents discovered by Spanish historians in In response to native unrest and revolt, Columbus ordered a brutal crackdown in which many natives were killed; in an attempt to deter further rebellion, Columbus ordered their dismembered bodies to be paraded through the streets.
Though the effects were widespread and cannot all be dismissed as negative, critics of Columbus have asserted that the worst aspects of this exchange added up to biological warfare. Eventually, his methods and actions caught up with Columbus.
A number of settlers lobbied against him at the Spanish court, accusing Columbus of mismanagement. In , the king and queen sent in a royal administrator, who detained Columbus and his brothers and had them shipped home. Although Columbus regained his freedom and made a fourth and final voyage to the New World, he had lost his governorship and much of his prestige.
What did "America" signify to Europe in ? What did "Europe" signify to Native Americans and enslaved Africans? Printing Indians Caribbean :. Contact Us Site Guide Search. Toolbox Library: Primary Resources in U. The unofficial number is undoubtedly higher. You find documents very soon after that, in the s, in which the question came from Spain to the governor. Who are the chiefs? They are gone. Their regional chieftaincies, each headed by a leader known as a cacique , crumbled away.
Their well-maintained ball courts reverted to bush. He led me from the eye-numbing brilliance of tropical noon into a shadowy tunnel, where our headlamps picked out the image of a face carved into stone, its eyes wide in surprise. The sun caught him there and turned him to stone. These were the tribal leaders who fasted until their ribs showed, cleansed themselves with vomiting sticks and snorted cohoba powder, a hallucinogen ground from the seeds of the Anadenanthera peregrina , a tree native to the Caribbean.
And the drug seems to have influenced the otherworldly art in Pomier and other caves. His voice was accompanied by the sound of dripping water and the fluttering of bats, which swirled around the ceiling and clicked in the dark. Formerly an archaeologist for the Museum of the Dominican Man, he was skeptical of finding real Indians but was happy enough to help scout for remnants of their influence. New fields, cleared by the slash-and-burn methods Indians brought here from South America, smoldered along the way.
They stayed, married Spaniards and Africans, and left descendants who still retain indigenous traits. In the s, researchers found high percentages of the blood types that are predominant in Indians in blood samples they took here. In the s, dental surveys established that 33 out of 74 villagers retained shovel-shaped incisors, the teeth characteristic of American Indians and Asians. None of this would surprise Ramona Primitiva, a villager whose family has long embraced its indigenous antecedents.
Although remaining subject to the same obligations sustained by the other indigenous vassals, the Complementary Declaration of July 28th, , established that those natives who were clothed, Christian, and capable could live their own lives. In reality though, the declaration of equality did not end the colonial social class system. As part of the early colonization process, African slaves were introduced to the island in and institutional slavery would not be abolished until
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